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第十四篇元明传来之讲史上(1/4)

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第十四篇 元明传来之讲史(上)

第十四篇元明传来之讲史(上)

宋之说话人,于小说及讲史皆多高手(名见《梦粱录》及《武林旧事》),而不闻有著作;元代扰攘,文化沦丧,更无论矣。日本内阁文库藏至治(一三二一——一三二三)间新安虞氏刊本全相(犹今所谓绣像全图)平话五zhong〔1〕,曰《武王伐纣书》,曰《乐毅图齐七国chun秋后集》,曰《秦并六国》,曰《吕后斩韩信前汉书续集》,曰《三国志》,每集各三卷(《斯文》第八编第六号,盐谷温《关于明的小说“三言”》),今惟《三国志》有印本(盐谷博士影印本及商务印书馆翻印本),他四zhong未能见。其《全相三国志平话》分为上下二栏,上栏为图,下栏述事,以桃园结义始,孔明病殁终。而开篇亦先叙汉高祖杀戮功臣,玉皇断狱,令韩信转生为曹cao2,彭越为刘备,英布为孙权,高祖则为献帝,立意与《五代史平话》无异。惟文笔则远不逮,词不达意,cuju梗概而已,如述“赤bi鏖兵”云:

却说武侯过江到夏口,曹cao2舡上高叫“吾死矣!”众军曰“皆是蒋干。”众官luan刀锉蒋干为万段。曹cao2上舡,荒速夺路,走chu江口,见四面舡上,皆为火也。见数十只舡,上有黄盖言曰“斩曹贼,使天下安若太山!”曹相百官,不通水战,众人发箭相she1。却说曹cao2措手不及,四面火起,前又相she1。曹cao2yu走,北有周瑜,南有鲁肃,西有陵统甘宁,东有张昭吴苞,四面言杀。史官曰:“倘非曹公家有五帝之分,孟德不能脱。”曹cao2得命,西北而走,至江岸,众人撮曹公上ma。却说黄昏火发,次日斋时方chu,曹cao2回顾,尚见夏口舡上烟焰张天,本bu军无一万。曹相望西北而走,无五里,江岸有五千军,认得是常山赵云,拦住,众官一齐攻击,曹相撞阵过去。…

至晚,到一大林。…曹公寻hua荣路去,行无二十里,见五百校刀手,关将拦住。曹相用mei言告云长“着cao2亭侯有恩。”关公曰:“军师严令。”曹公撞阵却过。说话间,面生尘雾,使曹公得脱。关公赶数里复回,东行无十五里,见玄德,军师。是走了曹贼,非关公之过也。言使人小着玄德(案此句不可解)。众问为何。武侯曰“关将仁德之人,往日蒙曹相恩,其此而脱矣。”关公闻言,忿然上ma,告主公复追之。玄德曰“吾弟xing匪石,宁奈不倦。”军师言“诸葛赤(亦?)去,万无一失。”…

(卷中十八至十九页)

观其简率之chu1,颇足疑为说话人所用之话本,由此推演,大加波澜,即可以愉悦听者,然页必有图,则仍亦供人阅览之书也。余四zhong恐亦此类。

说《三国志》者,在宋已甚盛,盖当时多英雄,武勇智术,瑰伟动人,而事状无楚汉之简,又无chun秋列国之繁,故尤宜于讲说。东坡(《志林》六)谓“王彭尝云,途巷中小儿薄劣,其家所厌苦,辄与钱,令聚坐听说古话,至说三国事,闻刘玄德败,频蹙眉,有chu涕者,闻曹cao2败,即喜唱快。

以是知君子小人之泽,百世不斩。”在瓦舍“说三分”为说话之一专科,与“讲《五代史》”并列(《东京梦华录》五)。

金元杂剧亦常用三国时事,如《赤bi鏖兵》《诸葛亮秋风五丈原》《隔江斗智》《连环计》《复夺受禅台》〔2〕等,而今日搬演为戏文者尤多,则为世之所乐dao可知也。其在小说,乃因有罗贯中本而名益显。

贯中,名本,钱唐人(明郎瑛《七修类稿》二十三田汝成《西湖游览志余》二十五胡应麟《少室山房笔丛》四十一),或云名贯,字贯中(明王圻《续文献通考》一百七十七),或云越人,生洪武初(周亮工《书影》),盖元明间人(约一三三○——一四○○)。所著小说甚夥,明时云有数十zhong(《志余》),今存者《三国志演义》之外,尚有《隋唐志传》《残唐五代史演义》《三遂平妖传》《水浒传》等;亦能词曲,有杂剧《龙虎风云会》〔3〕(目见《元人杂剧选》)。然今所传诸小说,皆屡经后人增损,真面殆无从复见矣。

罗贯中本《三国志演义》〔4〕,今得见者以明弘治甲寅(一四九四)刊本为最古,全书二十四卷,分二百四十回,题曰“晋平yang侯陈寿史传,后学罗本贯中编次”起于汉灵帝中平元年“祭天地桃园结义”终于晋武帝太康元年“王濬计取石tou城”凡首尾九十七年(一八四——二八○)事实,皆排比陈寿《三国志》及裴松之〔5〕注,间亦仍采平话,又加推演而作之;论断颇取陈裴及习凿齿孙盛〔6〕语,且更盛引“史官”及“后人”诗。然据旧史即难于抒写,杂虚辞复易滋混淆,故明谢肇湅J〔7〕(《五杂组》十五)既以为“太实则近腐”清章学诚〔8〕(《丙辰札记》)又病其“七实三虚惑luan观者”也。至于写人,亦颇有失,以致yu显刘备之长厚而似伪,状诸葛之多智而近妖;惟于关羽,特多好语,义勇之概,时时如见矣。如叙羽之chushen丰采及勇力云:

…阶下一人大呼chu曰“小将愿往,斩华雄tou献于帐下!”众

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