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第三章东拉西扯(7/7)

成的中文也不同,因此,我们还要来讨论一下外语与方言。

七、外语与方言

南方和北方,有着不同的外来词。比如雪文、洞葛、五脚忌、加步棉这些词,北方人听了肯定是一头的雾水。其实它们是印尼马来亚语肥皂、手杖、街廊和木棉的音译,是闽南华侨从东南亚带回厦门的。同样,列巴、苏波之类,南方人听了恐怕也不明就里,除非他懂俄语。俄语在中国也曾很普及了一阵子,所以康拜因、布拉吉之类,大家或许还明白。但要知道列巴和苏波是俄语面包和汤的音译,大约就只有东北人和新疆人了。东北人很早就和“老毛子”(俄国人)打交道,新疆与苏俄的关系也很密切,因此列巴、苏波之类的俄译名词,在东北和新疆还流行。

不过更值得一说的还是上海和广州。

上海和广州是中国近代以来对外开放的两个最大窗口和门户。这两个城市,又分别是吴语和粤语的重镇。结果一些外语在上海和广州登陆后,就被翻译成吴语和粤语了。比如沙发(sofa),用普通话翻译应该是“梭发”但上海人把“沙”读作“梭”也就成了“沙发”还有“快巴”(Eider,一种纺织品),也只有用粤语读才对头。北京人照搬了过去,又自作聪明地把“巴”写成“扒”结果就弄出“快扒女裤”之类的笑话来。

粤语翻译的外来词走向全国的,除巴士、的士、恤衫、迷你裙外,还有菲林(胶片或胶卷)、镭射(激光,内地曾译为莱塞)、派对和的确良等等。的确良是Dacron的粤语音译,广州人写成“的确靓”靓是漂亮的意思,比如靓仔就是漂亮男孩。所以“的确靓”是典型的粤语译法,追求音近意佳的。但六七十年代的确良从广州进口时,粤语还不像现在这么普及,北方人弄不清那“靓”是什么东西(甚至也不会读),就改成“的确凉”后来发现这玩艺也未必凉快,又改成“的确良”

沪译外语在五十年代前也曾风行一时,现在则多半不用了,比如生司(cents硬币)、派司(pass通行证)、切司(cheese乳酪)、沙司(sauce番茄汁)、配司(paste番茄酱)、水门汀(cement混凝土)。要用,范围也不大。比如“罗宋汤”西餐菜谱上还有。有些词,新上海人宁愿直接说英语,比如暂停说stop,而不再说“史到婆”有些词,则和全国统一,比如bar(酒吧)不再叫“排”而叫“吧”

然而还是有些外来词像盐溶入水里一样,化得不见痕迹了,比如“瘪三”和“阿飞”就是。瘪三和阿飞,一般都认为是上海方言,薛理勇先生则指出它们是洋泾浜英语(见薛著《闲话上海》)。洋泾浜,在今上海延安东路一带,当年是黄浦江的一条支流,也是租界的界河。既然是界河所在,便难免华洋混杂,交易频繁的。那时与洋人打交道的,有所谓洋行帮、生意帮、白相帮和码头帮。但不管是哪一帮,英语都不怎么地道(洋行帮水平最高,码头帮最差),都夹杂着上海话或上海腔,所以叫洋泾浜英语。

洋泾浜是地地道道的上海特产,也是典型的外语加方言。那时上海的各行各业差不多都要和洋人交往,连人力车夫一类的“苦力”也不例外,也就顾不上语音标准不标准,语法规范不规范。为了普及英语,更有好事者编出洋泾浜歌:来是康姆去是谷,廿四洋钿吞的福。是叫也司勿叫诺,如此如此沙咸鱼沙。真崭实货佛立谷,洋行买办江摆渡。翘梯翘梯请吃茶,雪堂雪堂请侬坐。打屁股叫班蒲曲,混账王八蛋风炉。麦克麦克钞票多,毕的生司当票多。红头阿三开泼度,自家兄弟勃拉茶。爷要发茶娘卖茶,丈人阿伯发音落。如果用上海话把这歌诀念一遍,保管洋泾浜味道十足。

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