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09章尚贤中(1/4)

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09章 尚贤(中)

子墨子言曰:“今王公大人之君人民、主社稷、治国家,yu修保而勿失,故不察尚贤为政之本也!”何以知尚贤之为政之本也?曰:自贵且智者为政乎愚且贱者则治,自愚贱者为政乎贵且智者则luan。是以知尚贤之为政本也。

故古者圣王甚尊尚贤而任使能,不党父兄,不偏贵富,不嬖颜se。贤者举而上之,富而贵之,以为官长,不肖者抑而废之,贫而贱之,以为徒役。是以民皆劝其赏,畏其罚,相率而为贤者,以贤者众而不肖者寡,此谓进贤。然后圣人听其言,迹其行,察其所能而慎予官,此谓事能。故可使治国者使治国。可使长官者使长官。可使治邑者使治邑。凡所使治国家、官府、邑里,此皆国之贤者也。

贤者之治国也,蚤朝晏退,听狱治政,是以国家治而刑法正。贤者之长官也,夜寝夙兴,收敛关市、山林、泽粱之利,以实官府,是以官府实而财不散。贤者之治邑也,蚤chu莫入,耕稼树艺、聚菽粟,是以菽粟多而民足乎食。故国家治则刑法正,官府实则万民富。上有以洁为酒醴粢盛以祭祀天、鬼,外有以为pi币,与四邻诸侯jiao接,内有以食饥息劳,将养其万民,外有以怀天下之贤人。是故上者天鬼富之,外者诸侯与之,内者万民亲之,贤人归之。以此谋事则得,举事则成,入守则固,chu诛则qiang。故唯昔三代圣王尧舜禹汤文武之所以王天下,正诸侯者,此亦其法已。

既曰若法,未知所以行之术,则事犹若未成。是以必为置三本。何谓三本?曰:“爵位不高,则民不敬也;蓄禄不厚,则民不信也;政令不断,则民不畏也。故古圣王高予之爵,重予之禄,任之以事,断予之令。夫岂为其臣赐哉?yu其事之成也。《诗》曰:“告女忧恤,诲女予爵,孰能执热,鲜不用濯?”则此语古者国君诸侯之不可以不执善承嗣辅佐也。譬之犹执热之有濯也,将休其手焉。古者圣王唯毋得贤人而使之,般爵以贵之,裂地以封之,终shen不厌。贤人唯毋得明君而事之,竭四肢之力,以任君之事,终shen不倦。若有mei善则归之上。是以mei善在上,而所怨谤在下;宁乐在君,忧戚在臣。故古者圣王之为政若此。

今王公大人亦yu效人,以尚贤使能为政,高予之爵而禄不从也。夫高爵而无禄,民不信也。曰:“此非中实爱我也,假藉而用我也。”夫假藉之,民将岂能亲其上哉?故先王言曰:“贪于政者,不能分人以事;厚于货者,不能分人以禄。”事则不与,禄则不分,请问天下之贤人将何自至乎王公大人之侧哉?若苟贤者不至乎王公大人之侧,则此不肖者在左右也。不肖者在左右,则其所誉不当贤,而所罚不当暴。王公大人尊此,以为政乎国家,则赏亦必不当贤,而罚亦必不当暴。若苟赏不当贤而罚不当暴,则是为贤者不劝,而为暴者不沮矣。是以入则不慈孝父母,chu则不长弟乡里。居chu1无节,chu入无度,男女无别。使治官府则盗窃,守城则倍畔,君有难则不死,chu亡则不从。使断狱则不中,分财则不均。与谋事不得,举事不成,入守不固,chu诛不qiang。故虽昔者三代暴王桀纣幽厉之所以失措其国家,倾覆其社稷者,已此故也。何则?皆以明小wu而不明大wu也。

今王公大人有一衣裳不能制也,必藉良工;有一niu羊不能杀也,必藉良宰。故当若之二wu者,王公大人未知以尚贤使能为政也。逮至其国家之luan,社稷之危,则不知使能以治之。亲戚则使之,无故富贵,面目佼好则使之。夫无故富食,面目佼好则使之,岂必智且有慧哉?若使之治国家,则此使不智慧者治国家也,国家之luan,既可得而知巳。

且夫王公大人有所爱其se而使,其心不察其知,而与其爱。是故不能治百人者,使chu1乎千人之官;不能治千人者,使chu1乎万人之官,此其故何也?曰:chu1若官者,爵高而禄厚,故爱其se而使之焉!夫不能治千人者,使chu1乎万人之官,则此官什倍也。夫治之法将日至者也,日以治之,日不什修,知以治之,知不什益。而予官什倍,则此治一而弃其九矣。虽日夜相接,以治若官,官犹若不治。此其故何也?则王公大人不明乎以尚贤使能为政也。故以尚贤使能为政而治者,夫若言之谓也;以下贤为政而luan者,若吾言之谓也。今王公大人中实将yu治其国家,yu修保而勿失,胡不察尚贤为政之本也?

且以尚贤为政之本者,亦岂独子墨子之言哉?此圣王之dao,先王之书,距年之言也。传曰:“求圣君哲人,以裨辅而shen。”《汤誓》曰:“聿求元圣,与之戮力同

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