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难三



鲁穆公问于子思曰:“吾闻庞氏之子不孝,其行奚如?”子思对曰:“君子尊贤以崇德,举善以观民。若夫过行,是细人之所识也,臣不知也。”子思chu。子服厉伯入见,问庞氏子,子服厉伯对曰:“其过三。”皆君之所未尝闻。自是这后,君贵子思而贱子服厉伯也。

或曰:鲁之公室,三世劫于季氏,不亦宜乎?明君求善而赏之,求jian而诛之,其得之一也。故以善闻之者,以说善同于上者也;以jian闻之者,以恶jian同于上者也:此宜赏誉之所及也。不以jian闻,是异于上而下比周于jian者也,此宜毁罚之所及也。今子思不以过闻而穆公贵之,厉伯以jian闻而穆公贱之。人情皆喜贵而恶贱,故季氏之luan成而不上闻,此鲁君之所以劫也。且此亡王之俗,取、鲁之民所以自mei,而穆公独贵之,不亦倒乎?



文公chu亡,献公使寺人披攻之蒲城,披斩其祛,文公奔翟。惠公即位,又使攻之惠窦,不得也。及文公反国,披求见。公曰:“蒲城之役,君令一宿,而汝即至;惠窦之难,君令三宿,而汝一宿,何其速也?”披对曰:“君令不二。除君之恶,恐不堪。蒲人、翟人,余何有焉?今公即位,其无蒲、翟乎?且桓公置she1钩而相guan仲。”君乃见之。

或曰:齐、晋绝祀,不亦宜乎?桓公能用guan仲之功而忘she1钩之怨,文公能听寺人之言而弃斩祛之罪,桓公、文公能容二子者也。后世之君,明不及二公;后世之臣,贤不如二子。不忠之臣以事不明之君,君不知,则有燕cao2、子罕、田常之贼;知之,则以guan仲、寺人自解。君必不诛而自以为有桓、文之德,是臣仇而明不能烛,多假之资,自以为贤而不戒,则虽无后嗣,不亦可乎?且寺人之言也,直饰君令而不贰者,则是贞于君也。死君后生,臣不愧,而复为贞。今惠公朝卒而暮事文公,寺人之不贰何如?



人有设桓公隐者曰:“一难,二难,三难,何也?”桓公不能对,以告guan仲。guan仲对曰:“一难也,近优而远士。二难也,去其国而数之海。三难也,君老而晚置太子。”桓公曰:“善。”不择日而庙礼太子。

或曰:guan仲之she1隐,不得也。士之用不在近远,而优俳侏儒固人主之所与燕也,则近优而远士而以为治,非其难者也。夫chu1世而不能用其有,而悖不去国,是以一人之力禁一国。以一人之力禁一国者,少能胜之。明能照远jian而见隐微,必行之令,虽远于海,内必无变。然则去国之海而不劫杀,非其难者也。楚成王置商臣以为太子,又yu置公子职,商臣作难,遂弑成王。公子宰,周太子也,公子gen有chong,遂以东州反,分而为两国。此皆非晚置太子之患也。夫分势不二,庶孽卑,chong无藉,虽chu1大臣,晚置太子可也。然则晚置太子,庶孽不luan,又非其难也。wu之所谓难者,必借人成势而勿侵害己,可谓一难也,贵妾不使二后,二难也。爱孽不使危正适,专听一臣而不敢隅君,此则可谓三难也。



叶公子高问政于仲尼,仲尼曰:“政在悦近而来远。”哀公问政于仲尼,仲尼曰:“政在选贤。”齐景公问政于仲尼,仲尼曰:“政在节财。”三公chu,子贡问曰:“三公问夫子政一也。夫子对之不同,何也?”仲尼曰:“叶都大而国小,民有背心,故曰‘政在悦近而来远"。鲁哀公有大臣三人,外障距诸侯四邻之士,内比周而以愚其君,使宗庙不扫除,社稷不血食者,必是三臣也,故曰‘政在选贤"。齐景公筑雍门,为路寝,一朝而以三百乘之家赐者三,故曰‘政在节财"。”

或曰:仲尼之对,亡国之言也。恐民有倍心,而诚说之“悦近而来远”,则是教民怀惠。惠之为政,无功者受赏,而有罪者免,此法之所以败也。法败而政luan,以luan政治败民,未见其可也。且民有倍心者,君上之明有所不及也。不绍叶公之明,而使之悦近而来远,是舍吾势之所能禁而使与不行惠以争民,非能持势者也。夫尧之贤,六王之冠也。舜一从而咸包,而尧无天下矣。有人无术以禁下,恃为舜而不失其民,不亦无术乎?明君见小jian于微,故民无大谋;行小诛于细,故民无大luan。此谓“图难于其所易也,为大者于其所细也。”今有功者必赏,赏者不得君,力之所致也;有罪者必诛,诛者不怨上,罪之所生也。民知诛罚之皆起于shen也,故疾功利于业,而不受赐于君。“太上,下智有之。”此言太上之下民无说也,安取怀惠之民?上君之民无利害,说以“悦近来远”,亦可舍已。

哀公有臣外障距内比周以愚其君,而说之以“选贤”,此非功伐之论也,选其心之所谓贤者也。使哀公知三子外障距内比周也,则三子不一日立矣。哀公不知选贤,选其心之所谓贤,故三子得任事。燕子哙贤子之而非孙卿,故shen死为僇;夫差智太宰嚭而愚子胥,故灭于越。鲁君不必知贤,而说以选贤,是使哀公有夫差、燕哙之患也。明君不自举臣,臣相进也;不自贤,功自徇也。论之于任,试之于事,课之于功,故群臣公政而无私,不隐贤,不进不肖。

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