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国准

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国准

桓公问于guan子曰:“国准可得闻乎?”guan子对曰“国准者,视时而立仪。”桓公曰:“何谓视时而立仪?”对曰:“黄帝之王,谨逃其爪牙。有虞之王,枯泽童山。夏后之王,烧增薮,焚沛泽,不益民之利。殷人之王,诸侯无niuma之牢,不利其qi。周人之王,官能以备wu。五家之数殊而用一也。”

桓公曰:“然则五家之数,籍何者为善也?”guan子对曰:“烧山林,破增薮,焚沛泽,猛兽众也。童山竭泽者,君智不足也。烧增薮,焚沛泽,不益民利,逃械qi,闭智能者,辅己者也。诸侯无niuma之牢,不利其qi者,曰yinqi而壹民心者也。以人御人,逃戈刃,高仁义,乘天固以安己者也。五家之数殊而用一也。”

桓公曰:“今当时之王者立何而可?”guan子对曰:“请兼用五家而勿尽。”桓公曰“何谓?”guan子对曰:“立祈祥以固山泽,立械qi以使万wu,天下皆利而谨cao2重策。童山竭泽,益利搏liu。chu山金立币,存菹丘,立骈牢,以为民饶。彼菹菜之壤,非五谷之所生也,麋鹿niuma之地。chun秋赋生杀老,立施以守五谷,此以无用之壤臧民之羸。五家之数皆用而勿尽。”

桓公曰:“五代之王以尽天下数矣,来世之王者可得而闻乎?”guan子对曰:“好讥而不luan,亟变而不变,时至则为,过则去。王数不可豫致。此五家之国准也。”

译文

桓公问guan仲说:“国家的平准措施可以讲给我听听么?”guan仲回答说:“国家的平准措施是an照不同时代而制定不同政策的。”桓公说;“何谓an不同时代而制定不同政策?”guan仲回答说:“黄帝当政的时代,努力除掉各地的武装。虞舜当政的时代,断竭水泽,伐尽山林。夏后氏当政的时代,焚毁草薮和大泽,不准民间增加财利。殷人当政的时代,不许诸侯经营niuma畜牧事业,还限制他们制造武qi和工ju。周人当政的时代,统一guan理有技能的人材,集中贮备各zhongwu资。五家的办法虽有不同,而集中统一的作用是一样的。”

桓公说:“那么,对此五家的政策,借用哪家为好呢?”guan仲回答说:“烧山林、毁草菇、火焚大泽等措施,是因为禽兽过多。伐尽山林,断竭水泽,是因为君智不足。焚烧草薮大泽,不使民间增加财利,既取消工ju武qi的发展,又闭sai人们的生产能力,都是为了加qiang自己。不许诸侯经营niuma畜牧事业,还限制他们制造武qi工ju,是为了不过分生产武qi和工ju而统一民心。派官吏guan理人才,禁止私造刀枪,提倡仁义dao德,是在稳固基础上安定自己地位。五家的政策虽有不同,而作用是一样的。”

桓公说:“现时当政的王者,采用哪家的政策为好?”guan仲回答说:“可以兼用五家之法而不可全盘照搬。”桓公说:“此话涵义如何?”guan仲回答说:“设立祭神的坛场来封禁山泽,统一制造武qi工ju来运用wu资,使天下同来经营但却严格着wu价政策。实行伐尽山林与断竭水泽的办法,控制财利并掌握liu通。开发矿山以铸造钱币,保存草地以建立牧场,使人民富饶起来。因为杂草丛生的洼地,不适合粮食生长,应作为饲养糜鹿niuma的牧场。chun秋两季,把幼畜供应百姓,把老畜杀掉卖chu,发行货币来掌握粮食。这就利用了无用的土地xi收百姓余粮。五家的政策都采用了而没有全盘照搬。”

桓公说:“上述五个朝代,已经概括了人们所知的各zhong办法了。以后成王业的君主如何,可以再谈一谈么?”guan仲回答说:“重视调查而zuo到有条不紊,积极改革而不留恋过去,条件成熟就应当实行,条件已变就应放弃。成王业的juti政策是不能事前安排好的。这里所说,只能是五家的平准措施。”

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