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舟车(1/7)

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舟车

宋子曰:人群分而wu异产,来往懋迁以成宇宙。若各居而老死,何藉有群类哉?人有贵而必chu,行畏周行;wu有贱而必须,坐穷负贩。四海之内,南资舟而北资车。梯航万国,能使帝京元气充然。何其始造舟车者不食尸祝之报也。浮海长年,视万顷波如平地,此与列子所谓御泠风者无异。传所称奚仲之liu,倘所谓神人者非耶!

○舟

凡舟古名百千,今名亦百千,或以形名,(如海鳅、江鳊、山梭之类。)或以量名,(载wu之数。)或以质名,(各se木料。)不可殚述。游海滨者得见洋船,居江湄者得见漕舫。若局趣山国之中,老死平原之地,所见者一叶扁舟、截liuluan筏而已。cu载数舟制度,其余可例推云。

○漕舫

凡京师为军民集区,万国水运以供储,漕舫所由兴也。元朝混一,以燕京为大都。南方运dao由苏州刘家港、海门黄连沙开洋,直抵天津,制度用遮洋船。永乐间因之。以风涛多险,后改漕运。

平江伯陈某始造平底浅船,则今粮船之制也。凡船制底为地,枋为gong墙,yinyang竹为覆瓦。伏狮前为阀阅,后为寝堂。桅为弓弩,弦、篷为翼,橹为车ma,{}纤为履鞋,纟聿索为鹰雕jin骨,招为先锋,舵为指挥主帅,锚为扎车营寨。

粮船初制,底长五丈二尺,其板厚二寸,采ju木楠为上,栗次之。tou长九尺五寸,梢长九尺五寸。底阔九尺五寸,底tou阔六尺,底梢阔五尺,tou伏狮阔八尺,梢伏狮阔七尺,梁tou一十四座。龙口梁阔一丈,shen四尺,使风梁阔一丈四尺,shen三尺八寸。后断水梁阔九尺,shen四尺五寸。两廒共阔七尺六寸。此其初制,载米可近二千石。(jiao兑每只止足五百石。)

后运军造者私增shen长二丈,首尾阔二尺余,其量可受三千石。而运河闸口原阔一丈二尺,差可度过。凡今官坐船,其制尽同,第窗hu之间宽其chu径,加以jing1工彩饰而已。

凡造船先从底起,底面傍靠樯,上承栈,下亲地面。隔位列置者曰梁。两傍峻立者曰樯。盖樯ju木曰正枋,枋上曰弦。梁前竖桅位曰锚坛,坛底横木夹桅本者曰地龙,前后维曰伏狮,其下曰拿狮,伏狮下封tou木曰连三枋。船tou面中缺一方曰水井。(其下藏缆索等wu。)tou面眉际树两木以系缆者曰将车柱。船尾下斜上者曰草鞋底,后封tou下曰短枋,枋下曰挽脚梁,船梢掌舵所居其上者野ji篷。(使风时,一人坐篷巅,收守篷索。)

凡舟shen将十丈者,立桅必两,树中桅之位,折中过前二位,tou桅又前丈余。粮船中桅长者以八丈为率,短者缩十之一二。其本入窗内亦丈余,悬篷之位约五六丈。tou桅尺寸则不及中桅之半,篷纵横亦不敌三分之一。苏、湖六郡运米,其船多过石瓮桥下,且无江汉之险,故桅与篷尺寸全杀。若湖广、江西省舟,则过湖冲江无端风狼,故锚、缆、篷、桅必极尽制度而后无患。凡风篷尺寸,其则一视全舟横shen,过则有患,不及则力ruan。

凡船篷其质乃析篾成片织就,夹维竹条,逐块折叠,以俟悬挂。粮船中桅篷合并十人力方克凑ding,tou篷则两人带之有余。凡度篷索先系空中寸圆木关捩于桅巅之上,然后带索腰间缘木而上,三gujiao错而度之。凡风篷之力其末一叶,敌其本三叶。调匀和畅顺风则绝ding张篷,行疾奔ma。若风力氵存至,则以次减下。(遇风鼓急不下,以钩搭扯。)狂甚则只带一两叶而已。

凡风从横来名曰抢风。顺水行舟,则挂篷之玄游走,或一抢向东,止寸平过,甚至却退数十丈。未及岸时捩舵转篷,一抢向西,借贷水力兼带风力轧下,则顷刻十余里。或湖水平而不liu者亦可缓轧。若上水舟则一步不可行也。凡船xing随水,若草从风,故制舵障水使不定向liu,舵板一转,一泓从之。

凡舵尺寸,与船腹切齐。其长一寸,则遇浅之时船腹已过,其梢尼舵使胶住,设风狂力劲,则寸木为难不可言。舵短一寸则转运力怯,回tou不捷。凡舵力所障水,相应及船tou而止,其腹底之下俨若一派急顺liu,故船tou不约而正,其机妙不可言。

舵上所cao2柄名曰关门bang,yu船北则南向捩转,yu船南则北向捩转。船shen太长而风力横劲,舵力不甚应手,则急下一偏披水板以抵其势。凡舵用直木一gen(粮船用者围三尺,长丈余)为shen,上截衡受bang,下截界开衔口,纳板其中如斧形,铁钉固拴以障水。梢后隆起chu1,亦名曰舵楼。

凡铁锚所以沉水系舟。一粮船计用五六锚,最雄者曰看家锚,重五百斤内外,其余tou用二枝,梢用二枝。凡中liu遇逆风不可去又不可泊,(或业已近岸,其下有石非沙,亦不可泊,惟打锚shenchu1。)则下锚沉水底,其所系纟聿缠绕将军柱上,锚爪一遇泥沙扣底抓住,十分危急则下看家锚。系此锚者名曰本shen,盖重言之也。或同行前舟阻滞,恐我舟顺势急去有撞伤之祸,则急下梢锚提住,使不迅速liu行。风

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