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论刑法(1/5)

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论刑法

贞观元年,太宗谓侍臣曰:“死者不可再生,用法务在宽简。古人云,鬻棺者yu岁之疫,非疾于人,利于棺售故耳。今法司he理一狱,必求shen刻,yu成其考课。今作何法,得使平允?”谏议大夫王珪进曰:“但选公直良善人,断狱允当者,增秩赐金,即jian伪自息。”诏从之。太宗又曰:“古者断狱,必讯于三槐、九棘之官,今三公、九卿,即其职也。自今以后,大辟罪皆令中书、门下四品以上及尚书九卿议之。如此,庶免冤滥。”由是至四年,断死刑,天下二十九人,几致刑措。

贞观二年,太宗谓侍臣曰:“比有nu告主谋逆,此极弊法,特须禁断。假令有谋反者,必不独成,终将与人计之;众计之事,必有他人论之,岂藉nu告也?自今nu告主者,不须受,尽令斩决。”

贞观五年,张蕴古为大理丞。相州人李好德素有风疾,言涉妖妄,诏令鞠其狱。蕴古言:“好德癫病有征,法不当坐。”太宗许将宽宥。蕴古密报其旨,仍引与博戏。治书侍御史权万纪劾奏之。太宗大怒,令斩于东市。既而悔之,谓房玄龄曰:“公等食人之禄,须忧人之忧,事无ju细,咸当留意。今不问则不言,见事都不谏诤,何所辅弼?如蕴古shen为法官,与囚博戏,漏xie朕言,此亦罪状甚重。若据常律,未至极刑。朕当时盛怒,即令chu1置。公等竟无一言,所司又不覆奏,遂即决之,岂是dao理。”因诏曰:“凡有死刑,虽令即决,皆须五覆奏。”五覆奏,自蕴古始也。又曰:“守文定罪,或恐有冤。自今以后,门下省覆,有据法令合死而情可矜者,宜录奏闻。”

蕴古,初以贞观二年,自幽州总guan府记室兼直中书省,表上《大宝箴》,文义甚mei,可以规诫。其词曰:

今来古往,俯察仰观,惟辟作福,为君实难。宅普天之下,chu1王公之上,任土贡其所有,ju僚和其所唱。是故恐惧之心日弛,邪僻之情转放。岂知事起乎所忽,祸生乎无妄。故以圣人受命,拯溺亨屯,归罪于己,推恩于民。大明无偏照,至公无私亲。故以一人治天下,不以天下奉一人。礼以禁其奢,乐以防其佚。左言而右事,chu警而入跸。四时调其惨舒,三光同其得失。故shen为之度,而声为之律。勿谓无知,居高听卑;勿谓何害,积小成大。乐不可极,极乐成哀;yu不可纵,纵yu成灾。壮九重于内,所居不过容膝;彼昏不知,瑶其台而琼其室。罗八珍于前,所食不过适口;惟狂罔念,丘其糟而池其酒。勿内荒于se,勿外荒于禽;勿贵难得之货,勿听亡国之音。内荒伐人xing,外荒dang人心;难得之wu侈,亡国之声yin。勿谓我尊而傲贤侮士,勿谓我智而拒谏矜己。闻之夏后,据馈频起;亦有魏帝,牵裾不止。安彼反侧,如chunyang秋lou;巍巍dangdang,推汉高大度。抚兹庶事,如履薄临shen;战战栗栗,用周文小心。

《诗》云:“不识不知。”《书》曰:“无偏无党。”一彼此于xiong臆,捐好恶于心想。众弃而后加刑,众悦而后命赏。弱其qiang而治其luan,伸其屈而直其枉。故曰:如衡如石,不定wu以数,wu之悬者,轻重自见;如水如镜,不示wu以形,wu之鉴者,妍蚩自lou。勿浑浑而浊,勿皎皎而清;勿汶汶而暗,勿察察而明。虽冕旒蔽目而视于未形,虽黈纩sai耳而听于无声。纵心乎湛然之域,游神于至dao之jing1。扣之者,应洪纤而效响;酌之者,随浅shen而皆盈。故曰:天之清,地之宁,王之贞。四时不言而代序,万wu无为而受成。岂知帝有其力,而天下和平。吾王拨luan,戡以智力;人惧其威,未怀其德。我皇抚运,扇以淳风;民怀其始,未保其终。爰术金镜,穷神尽xing。使人以心,应言以行。包括理ti,抑扬辞令。天下为公,一人有庆。开罗起祝,援琴命诗。一日二日,念兹在兹。惟人所召,自天祐之。争臣司直,敢告前疑。

太宗嘉之,赐帛三百段,仍授以大理寺丞。

贞观五年,诏曰:“在京诸司,比来奏决死囚,虽云三覆,一日即了,都未暇审思,三奏何益?纵有追悔,又无所及。自今后,在京诸司奏决死囚,宜二日中五覆奏,天下诸州三覆奏。”又手诏敕曰:“比来有司断狱,多据律文,虽情在可矜而不敢违法,守文定罪,惑恐有冤。自今门下省复有据法合死,而情在可矜者,宜录状奏闻。”

贞观九年,盐泽dao行军总guan、岷州都督高甑生,坐违李靖节度,又诬告靖谋逆,减死徙边。时有上言者曰:“甑生旧秦府功臣,请宽其过。”太宗曰:“虽是藩邸旧劳,诚不可忘。然理国守法,事须画一,今若赦之,使开侥幸之路。且国家建义太原,元从及征战有功者甚众,若甑生获免,谁不觊觎?有功之人,皆须犯法。

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