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门人黄以方录(1/3)

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门人黄以方录

 钱德洪序

先生初归越时,朋友踪迹尚寥落,既后四方来游者日进:癸末年已后,环先生而居者比屋,如天妃、光相诸剎,每当一室,常合食者数十人,夜无卧chu1,更相就席,歌声彻昏旦。南镇、禹xue、yang明dong诸山远近寺剎,徒足所到,无非同志游寓所在。先生每临讲座,前后左右环坐而听者,常不下数百人,送往迎来,月无虚日:至有在侍更岁,不能遍记其姓名者。每临别,先生常叹日;“君等虽别,不chu天地间,苟同此志,吾亦可以忘形似矣。”诸生每听讲chu门,未尝不tiao跃称快。尝闻之同门先辈曰:“南都以前,朋友从游者虽众。未有如在越之盛者。此虽讲学日久,孚信渐博,要亦先生之学日进,gan召之机,申变无力,亦自有不同也。”

门人黄以方录

〔1〕黄以方问:“‘博学于文”为随事学存此天理,然则谓‘行有余力,则以学文’,其说似不相合。”先生曰:“《诗》、《书》、六艺皆是天理之发见,文字都包在其中,考之《诗》、《书》、六艺,皆所以学存此天理也,不特发见于事为者方为文耳。“余力学文”,亦只“博学于文’中事。”或问“学而不思”二句。曰:“此亦有为而言,其实思即学也。学有所疑,便须思之。‘思而不学’者,盖有此等人,只悬空去思,要想chu一个dao理,却不在shen心上实用其力,以学存此天理:思与学作两事zuo,故有‘罔”与“殆”之病。其实思只是思其所学,原非两事也。”

〔2〕先生曰:“先儒解“格wu”为‘格天下之wu”,天下之wu如何格得?且谓一草一木亦皆有理,今如何去格?纵格得草木来,如何反来诚得自家意?我解‘格’作‘正’字义,‘wu’作‘事’字义。《大学》之所谓‘shen’,即耳、目、口、鼻、四肢是也。yu修shen便是要目非礼勿视,耳非礼勿听,口非礼勿言,四肢非礼勿动。要修这个shen,shen上如何用得工夫?心者shen之主宰,目虽视而所以视者心也,耳虽听而所以听者心也,口与四肢虽言、动而所以言、动者心也,故yu修shen在于ti当自家心ti,常令廓然大公,无有些子不正chu1。主宰一正,则发窍于目,自无非礼之视;发窍于耳,自无非礼之听;发窍于口与四肢,自无非礼之言、动;此便是修shen在正其心。然至善者,心之本ti也,心之本ti那有不善?如今要正心,本ti上何chu1用得功?必就心之发动chu1才可着力也。心之发动不能无不善,故须就此chu1着力,便是在诚意。如一念发在好善上,便实实落落去好善,一念发在恶恶上,便实实落落去恶恶,意之所发,既无不诚,则其本ti如何有不正的?故yu正其心在诚意。工夫到诚意,始有着落chu1。然诚意之本,又在于致知也。所谓人虽不知而已所独知者,此正是吾心良知chu1。然知得善,却不依这个良知便zuo去,知得不善,却不依这个良知便不去zuo,则这个良知便遮蔽了,是不能致知也。吾心良知既不得扩充到底,则善虽知好,不能着实好了,恶虽知恶,不能着实恶了,如何得意诚?故致知者,意诚之本也。然亦不是悬空的致知,致知在实事上格。如意在于为善,便就这件事上去为,意在于去恶,便就这件事上去不为;去恶固是格不正以归于正,为善则不善正了,亦是格不正以归于正也。如此,则吾心良知无私yu蔽了,得以致其极,而意之所发,好善、去恶,无有不诚矣。诚意工夫实下手chu1在格wu也。若如此格wu,人人便zuo得:人皆可以为尧、舜,正在此也。”

〔3〕先生曰:“众人只说“格wu”要依晦翁,何曾把他的说去用!我着实曾用来。初年与钱友同论zuo圣贤要格天下之wu,如今安得这等大的力量:因指亭前竹子,令去格看。钱子早夜去穷格竹子的dao理,竭其心思至于三日,便致劳神成疾。当初说他这是jing1力不足,某因自去穷格,早夜不得其理,到七日,亦以劳思致疾,遂相与叹圣贤是zuo不得的,无他大力量去格wu了。及在夷中三年,颇见得此意思,方知天下之wu本无可格者;其格wu之功,只在shen心上zuo;决然以圣人为人人可到,便自有担当了。这里意思,却要说与诸公知dao。”

〔4〕门人有言邵端峰论童子不能格wu,只教以洒扫、应对之说。先生曰:“洒扫、应对就是一件wu。童子良知只到此便教去洒扫、应对,就是致他这一点良知了。又如童子知畏先生长者,此亦是他良知了。故虽嬉戏中见了先生长者,便去作揖恭敬,是他能格wu以致敬师长之良知了。童子自有童子的格wu致知。”又曰:“我这里言格wu,自童子以至圣人,皆是此等工夫:但圣人格wu,便更熟得些子,不消费力如此格wu,虽卖柴人亦是zuo得,

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