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答聂文蔚(3/3)

恻怛以事亲便是孝,致此良知之真诚恻怛以从兄便是弟,致此良知之真诚恻怛以事君便是忠,只是一个良知,一个真诚恻怛。若是从兄的良知不能致其真诚恻怛,即是事亲的良知不能致其真诚恻怛矣:事君的良知不能致其真诚恻怛,即是从兄的良知不能致其真诚恻怛矣。故致得事君的良知,便是致却从兄的良知,致得从兄的良知,便是致却事亲的良知。不是事君的良知不能致,却须又从事亲的良知上去扩充将来。如此,又是脱却本原,著在支节上求了。良知只是一个,随他发见流行处,当下具足,更无去来,不须假借。然其发见流行处,却自有轻重厚薄,毫发不容增减者,所谓天然自有之中也。虽则轻重厚薄,毫发不容增减,而原又只是一个:虽则只是一个,而其间轻重厚薄,又毫发不容增减:若可得增减,若须假借,即已非其真诚恻怛之本体矣;此良知之妙用,所以无方体,无穷尽,语大天下莫能载,语小天下莫能破者也。

〔13〕孟氏“尧舜之道,孝弟而已”者,使就人之良知发见得最真切笃厚、不容蔽昧处提省人,于人于事君、处友、仁民、爱物、与凡动静语默间,皆只是致他那一念事亲、从兄真诚恻怛的良知,即自然无不是道。盖天下之事虽千变万化,至于不可穷诘,而但惟致此事亲,从兄一念真诚恻怛之良知以应之,则更无有遗缺渗漏者,正谓其只有此一个良知故也。事亲、从兄一念良知之外,更无有良知可致得者。故曰:“尧舜之道,孝弟而已矣。”此所以为“惟精惟一”之学,放之四海而皆准“施谐后世而无朝夕”者也。文蔚云:“欲于事亲、从兄之间,而求所谓良知之学。”就自己用功得力处如此说,亦无不可:若曰致其良知之真诚恻怛以求尽夫事亲,从兄之道焉,亦无不可也。明道云:“行仁自孝、弟始。孝、弟是仁之一事,谓之行仁之本则可,谓是仁之本则不可。”其说是矣。

〔14〕“臆、逆、先觉”之说,文蔚谓“诚则旁行曲防,皆良知之用”,甚善甚善!闲有搀搭处,则前已言之矣。惟浚之言,亦未为不是。在文蔚须有取于惟浚之言而后尽,在惟浚又须有取于文蔚之言而后明:不然,则亦未免各有倚着之病也。舜察迩言而询刍荛,非是以迩言当察,刍荛当询,而后如此,乃良知之发见流行,光明圆莹,更无挂碍遮隔处,此所以谓之大知;才有执着意必,其知便小矣。讲学中自有去取分辨,然就心地上着实用工夫,却须如此方是。

〔15〕“尽心”三节,区区曾有“生知、学知、困知”之说,颇已明白,无可疑者。盖尽心、知性、知天者,不必说存心、养性,事天,不必说夭寿不贰、修身以俟,而存心、养悾与修身以俟之功已在其中矣:存心、养性、事天者,虽未到得尽心、知天的地位,然已是在那里做个求到尽心、知天的工夫,更不必说夭寿不贰,修身以俟,而夭寿不贰,修身己俟之功已在其中矣。譬之行路,尽心、知天者,如年力壮健之人,既能奔走往来于数千里之间者也:存心、事天者,如童稚之年,使之学习步趋于庭除之间者也。夭寿不贰、修身以俟者,如襁褓之孩,方使之扶穑傍壁,而惭学起立移步者也。既已能奔走往来于数千里之间者,则不必更使之于庭除之间而学步趋,而步趋于庭除之间,自无弗能矣。既已能步趋于庭除之间,则不必更使之扶墙傍壁而学起立移步,而起立栘步自无弗能矣。然学起立移步,便是学步趋庭除之始,学步趋庭除,便是学奔走往来于数千里之基,固非有二事,但其工夫之难易则相去悬绝矣。心也,性也,天也,一也。故及其知之成功则一。然而三者人品力量,自有阶级,不可躐等而能也。细观文蔚之论,其意以恐尽心、知天者,废却存心、修身之功,而反为尽心、知天之病:是盖为圣人忧工夫之或间断,而不知为自己忧工夫之未真切也。吾侪用工,却须专心致志,在夭寿不贰、修身以俟上做,只此便是做尽心、知天工夫之始:正如学起立移步,便是学奔走千里之始。吾方自虑其不能起立移步,而岂遽其不能奔走千里,又况为奔走千里者而虑其或遗忘于起立移步之习哉?文蔚识见本自超绝迈往,而所论云然者,亦是未能脱去旧时解说文义之习,是为此三段书分疏比合,以求融会贯通,而自添许多薏见缠绕,反使用功不专一也;近时悬空去做勿忘、勿助者,其意见正有此病,最能耽误人,不可不涤除耳。

〔16〕所谓“尊德性而道问学”一节至当归一,更无可疑。此便是文蔚曾着实用功,然后能为此言。此本不是险僻难见的道理,人或意见不同者,还是良知尚有纤翳潜伏,若除去此纤翳,即自无不洞然矣。

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