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我对“资本主义&rdq

只是威尼斯以一个捕鱼制盐的村落,还要等到造船业进步、十字军东征、商业基础展开之后,才彻底表现它成熟的资本主义xing格。它的法律是在13世纪前期翟波罗(Giaco摸 Tiepolo)zuo统领时制定的。从1300年之后威尼斯进入了它的黄金时代,我们也可以看到这时它的法制大备,虽然永久xing质的gu份公司,还是以后的事。这时一宗生意的投资,或是牵涉到三两个人,或是牵连很多人,或是几个月结束,或者几年结束,都可以照成例安排。现代商业的技术,如海上保险、信用票据 (letter of credit)、复式簿记、提货单(Bill of Lading)和长期驻海外的经纪,都已产生。到1400年之后,威尼斯已有现代xing的进chu口商场,就是外来的人,也可以和本地商人订立合同。生意如有纠葛,则有商业法ting之curia di petizionzuo主,律师由法官指派,但是也可以用私人律师,所有账簿信件可以被传送法ting阅heNorwich, pp155-156;Lane,pp51-52,414-417;Braudel,Afterthoughts,;Lane,Andrea Barbarigo,Merchant of Venice,1418-1449(Balti摸re,1949),p18,98,112薄

为什么在谈到资本主义的形成,我们要扯上这么多技术因素?这就是以前所讲的,一项法律要行得通,必有思想信仰和社会力量在后面作gen据。威城这样的zuo法,有参议院在后面支持。这和欧洲中世纪的习惯和dao德观念大相径ting,而它的思想信仰又能通过真人实事而行得通,这才造成了一zhong“主义”这也就是说威尼斯通过了人的xing格、自然法规以及治国平天下的前提下提倡资本主义。

威尼斯的弱点,则是它没有生产的基础zuo它商业技术的后盾,它的范围,受岛上人口的限制。后来就有1453年土耳其人之占领君士坦丁堡,和1488年putao牙人之通航于好望角。这两项事情,习惯上为历史家认作威城中衰的里程碑。其实地中海商业之衰退,并没有立即开始。在人文上讲16世纪才是文艺复兴最好的时光,威尼斯和佛罗lun萨同占有极优越的地位。以后威尼斯衰微不振,终被拿破仑jiao给奥国。这也不能说是它的制度落伍,而是一个自由城市,单靠一个海岛上的商业组织作本钱,到底不能长期与大陆上数量的优势抗衡。

我们读欧洲史的时候,常常觉得奇怪,为什么意大利人这样的商业组织,不能立即为西欧大国如英法等照抄。在仔细追究幕后原因的时候,才知dao有关经济的问题,必定要牵扯到社会上很多其他的因素,要改革也必须全面改革。其范围之广,有如一个走兽之蜕变而为飞禽,倘使没有内外剧烈的压力,也组织不起来。而且shen当其事的人,在酝酿的局面下活动了好几十年,还不一定明白他们活动的真意义。甚至要等到历史家在几百年后,把全bu经过和以后事迹对照,又和类似的问题印证,才能“发现”这些变动在历史上的因果关系。

比如英国在1300年后,对外贸易已受意大利人cao2纵。来自威尼斯、佛罗lun萨等地居留于lun敦的人,称为“郎ba德人” (Lombards)。他们开设银行的市街,称“郎ba德街”(Lombard Street)。一方面他们已有相当雄厚的商业资本,另一方面是宗教改革之前,教堂拥有很多的地产,就是不属教堂的地产,耕zhong人也有向教堂缴纳“什一捐” (tithe)的义务。内中一bu即须贡献于罗ma的教皇,其实各地的收入早已有承办人ding包,得款也不直接缴解,而系由这些银行发给汇票,其现金则由意大利人通过英国寺院购买羊mao运至弗兰德斯(Flanders,即今日法国、比利时一bu及荷兰一小bu)织成布匹,销卖牟利。这买卖通过不同的ti制,所以意大利人享有治外法权。如果诉讼两方都是意大利人,则由其领事受理;如果牵涉英国人,才组织混合法tingM盡盤ostan,E保珻ambridge Economic History of Europe,(Cambridge,1963),,,117;Cheyney,op cit。,,29。但治外法权似系两方互用,英国领事也在意大利裁判案件,详,Economic History of England,11th ed(London,1956),Vol。主要的原因是两方社会生活习惯相差过远,

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