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明《太宗实录》中的年终统计3(3/3)

永乐初期所得食盐,用于“开中”亦即商人纳粮草于边军,边军的经理者给予 “仓钞”商人凭仓钞赴盐场请领盐,但盐场又须经过南京户部给发“盐引”盐引即为路票,无引食盐不得通行,亦不得售卖。虽其管制多端妨碍输运,明代中期之后食盐官卖之积弊丛生Taxation and Governmental Finance有详细的记载。食盐公卖在;但是在会计制度上言,其账目经过多方核对,尚不易产生无中生有、本末颠倒的现象。

永乐年间,一部食盐,亦由政府直接卖并分配于民间。当时因纸币之称“宝钞”者,发行过多,希望“回笼”亦以食盐兑换民间之宝钞。浙盐则用之支持征安南之军费。1418 年后统计显示盐引数额下降,想系由于以上诸项支出;而非制造之减少永乐期间食盐收入作为政府其他各项费用之事例甚多。见《太宗实录》,页 0176~0177,0249~0250,0280,0589,0590,0622~0623。。

图表五永乐年间

收入银两数额

(单位:千两)(E)收入银两银两收入数在《太宗实录》中表示初年逐渐上升,至1421年后则下降。但整个数字对国库收入,无重大影响。因其最高额只三十余万两。

永乐期间民间仍不得以金银交易。政府所得银,一部向云南边境土司征集,称为“差发银”一部由政府开矿所得,谓之“闸办”即根据矿工人数,责成管理者,应按预定之产额交银也。图表五所列或高或低,想系实情。政府银两收入后,用于制造首饰,铸作银柜嵌装重要文献,塑为银印,并携出海外采购珍宝,赏赐于外国贡使。宣德登极时,曾以白银一百万两,作为赏赐《宣宗实录》(台北,1964影印本),页0095。。总而言之,白银之用途,以仪礼为主,其经济意义至微。

图表六永乐年间

课钞数额

(单位:百万贯)(F)课钞《太宗实录》显示宝钞收入数在1412年有重大变化。前此各年,每年之收入罕有超过5 000万贯者。从兹之后,则每年均近于一亿。而1412年之收入亦为全记录中最低数额。

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