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第二章工商兴利(2/2)

接着,他就主题:“国无农则民无,民无则不安;然不重工商,则民无所用,无所用则不富,不富则思变,思变而天下始矣。由是观之,农与工商不可偏废也。主公初起东郡,及兖州,黄巾既,田地荒芜,粮秣不足,于是兴屯田之策,乃能兼弱并昧,挟天而令诸侯。今府库渐充,农有所耕,而所当者,乃袁氏、孙氏、刘表、刘璋,皆跨州连郡,非旦夕可下者也。但求其安,不得其富,则无以定之。”

不语,曹昂倒是提了异议:“工商可使人富,此理世所知也,然若皆逐富而必废农。况商贾轻迁徙,易为宄,实难制也。”大家伙儿都知经商容易来钱,结果都去经商了,不肯地,那怎么办?而且商人到跑,还贪婪,非常难以理,这问题又怎么解决?

工商业可以致富,是个人就知,可是因为国家政策的轻视,商贾不能穿丝绸衣服,不能乘坐车,还不能仕为吏,就被迫要去依附那些大地主,结果钱都了大地主的腰包了。国家呢?汉代对于工商税并没有明确的法规,更没有主的衙门,加之实行当中很可能向豪门妥协,照此发展下去,那些豪门将越来越势大,国家还能约束得住吗?

“昔仲兴工商,齐遂霸于诸侯;孝武皇帝屡伐匈,国家困穷,乃因工商而得复——惜乎徒知涸泽而渔,不知助其兴业也,是故孝昭皇帝恨罢其令。亩产一石,而收三斗,则农必怨,然若能开沟渠、选良、颁铁、借耕,使亩产三石,则虽收三斗,民之喜也可知。工商亦同理也!”(未完待续。。)

其实汉代是有工商税的,理论上山林池泽的产都归皇家,所以你要挖矿啊、捕鱼啊,都得给皇家上税,此外摆摊儿开店,也得上税,一般是十分之一。到了汉末,因为生产遭到破坏,战争却很频繁,使得很多地方割据势力到设立关卡,收取商税。但这些税收大多缺乏有效的监系,最终能够收上几个钱来,谁都摸不准。

是勋诱惑曹:“无粮则无兵,然若无工商,则粮亦有其尽也,甲、武,亦有其尽也,岂可不虑?若兴工商,则钱充、甲完、兵戈犀利,以之练兵,一可当十,其谁能御?”

他跟曹说,你想象一下,倘若你麾下连小卒都能穿铠甲,用最好的钢铁锻造武,每年从胡人那里大批量购买良,并且完全脱产,整年训练,攻打城池的时候还能一气排开上百架“霹雳车”,你有这么两三万人,那袁绍算个啊!要再能够建造数百上千艘楼船,横行江上,刘表、孙策又算个啊!

ps: 最后一天,大家翻翻谁还有月票,别浪费了,给我吧。

“即以勋在河东为例。造纸乃能印书,使教化大行;造火药乃能制火箭,永安之役,以寡破众;掘煤乃能使民免于冻馁。其所产,复输之于商贾,乃能易有无,便贫年可自它郡输谷也——设工商无用,则朝廷铸钱何为?”

当肚还吃不饱的时候,咱当然考虑不到工商问题,可是如今你所面对的都是一些大势力,光粮充足,也很难击败他们啊,还得在奖励工商,从而积聚财富上想办法。

是勋笑着答:“货其有数,非人人皆可得之以为贾也,贾其有技,非人人皆能习之以致富也。要在朝廷治理,使得其技且勤于工商者富,使为者绳之。”你以为农民就好理啊?因为不好脆严禁,没这个理吧?

产落后,所以政府要尽量抑制工商业,而让人民百姓把主要力都放在农耕上面。是勋说后来秦的农业有所发展,再延续这政策就不对了,可惜秦始皇听信了韩非的胡言,说“商工之民”也是国家的蛀虫,加上反大商人的前相吕不韦,所以才更变本加厉,台了一系列抑压工商的政策。汉朝建立以后,基本政策延续秦代,表面上更动大,其实指导思想没怎么变,对于轻视工商的政策也继承了下来,然而——“不亦谬乎?”

最后,是勋还警告曹:“工商既使人富,则贾者难以禁绝,其无仕之,而又日受盘剥,乃窘而附之豪门世宦也。于是豪门占据山林,并建作坊,财货以亿兆数。设国家加以约束,则彼等或不甘骤贫而为,或转而兼并土地,使民离;设国家不加约束,则彼等日富而国家日贫,亦成尾大不掉之势。既如此,何不驰其禁而严其法,则豪门少怨而国家多利耶?”

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