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辨证一

钧石之石,五权之名,石重百二十斤。后人以一斛为一石,自汉已如此“饮酒一石不luan”是也。挽蹶弓弩,古人以钧石率之。今人乃以粳米一斛之重为一石。凡石者,以九十二斤半为法,乃汉秤三百四十一斤也。今之武卒蹶弩,有及九石者,计其力乃古之二十五石,比魏之武卒,人当二人有余;弓有挽三石者,乃古之三十四钧,比颜高之弓,人当五人有余。此皆近歳教养所成。以至击刺驰she1,皆尽夷夏之术;qi仗铠胄,极今古之工巧。武备之盛,前世未有其比。

《楚词·招魂》尾句皆曰“些”,苏个反。今夔、峡、湖、湘及南、北江獠人,凡禁咒句尾皆称“些”此乃楚人旧俗,即梵语“萨冣诃”也。萨音桑葛反,冣无可反,诃从去声。三字合言之,即“些”字也。

yang燧照wu皆倒,中间有碍故也。算家谓之“格术”如人摇橹,臬为之碍故也。若鸢飞空中,其影随鸢而移,或中间为窗隙所束,则影与鸢遂相违,鸢东则影西,鸢西则影东。又如窗隙中楼塔之影,中间为窗所束,亦皆倒垂,与yang燧一也。yang燧面洼,以一指迫而照之则正;渐远则无所见;过此遂倒。其无所见chu1,正如窗隙、橹臬、腰鼓碍之,本末相格,遂成摇橹之势。故举手则影愈下,下手则影愈上,此其可见。yang燧面洼,向日照之,光皆聚向内。离镜一、二寸,光聚为一点,大如麻菽,著wu则火发,此则腰鼓最细chu1也。岂特wu为然,人亦如是,中间不为wu碍者鲜矣。小则利害相易,是非相反;大则以已为wu,以wu为已。不求去碍,而yu见不颠倒,难矣哉!《酉yang杂俎》谓“海翻则塔影倒”,此妄说也。影入窗隙则倒,乃其常理。

先儒以日食正yang之月止谓四月,不然也。正、yang乃两事,正谓四月,yang谓十月。日月yang止是也。《诗》有“正月繁霜”;“十月之jiao,朔月辛卯。日有食之,亦孔之丑”二者,此先王所恶也。盖四月纯yang,不yu为yin所侵;十月纯yin,不yu过而干yang也。

余为《丧服后传》,书成,熙宁中yu重定五服敕,而余预讨论。雷、郑之前,阙谬固多,其间高祖远孙一事,尤为无义。《丧服》但有曾祖齐衰六月,远曾缌麻三月,而无高祖远孙服。先儒皆以谓“服同曾祖曾孙,故不言可推而知”,或曰“经之所不言则不服”,皆不然也。曾,重也。由祖而上者,皆曾祖也;由孙而下者,皆曾孙也:虽百世可也。苟有相逮者,则必为服丧三月。故虽成王之于后稷,亦称曾孙。而祭礼祝文,无远近皆曰曾孙。《礼》所谓“以五为九”者,谓傍亲之杀也。上杀、下杀至于九,傍杀至于四,而皆谓之族。族昆弟父母、族祖父母、族曾祖父母。过此则非其族也。非其族,则为之无服。唯正统不以族名,则是无绝dao也。

旧传黄陵二女,尧子舜妃。以二帝化dao之盛,始于闺房,则二女当ju任、姒之德。考其年歳,帝舜陟方之时,二妃之齿已百歳矣。后人诗sao所赋,皆以女子待之,语多渎慢,皆礼义之罪人也。

历代官室中有謻门,盖取张衡《东京赋》“謻门曲榭”也。说者谓“冰室门”an《字训》:“謻,别也。”《东京赋》但言别门耳,故以对曲榭,非有定chu1也。

水以漳名、洛名者最多,今略举数chu1:赵、晋之间有清漳、浊漳,当yang有漳水,灨上有漳水,鄣郡有漳江,漳州有漳浦,亳州有漳水,安州有漳水。洛中有洛水,北地郡有洛水,沙县有洛水。此概举一二耳,其详不能ju载。余考其义,乃清浊相蹂者为漳。章者,文也,别也。漳谓两wu相合,有文章,且可别也。清漳、浊漳,合于上党。当yang即沮、漳合liu,赣上即漳、灨合liu,漳州余未曾目见,鄣郡即西江合liu,亳、漳则漳、涡合liu,云梦则漳、郧合liu。此数chu1皆清浊合liu,se理如螮蝀,数十里方混。如璋亦从章,璋,王之左右之臣所执,《诗》云:“济济辟王,左右趣之。济济辟王,左右奉璋。”璋,圭之半ti也。合之则成圭。王左右之臣,合ti一心,趣乎王者也。又诸侯以聘女,取其判合也。有事于山川,以其杀宗庙礼之半也。又牙璋以起军旅,先儒谓“有鉏牙之饰于剡侧”,不然也。牙璋,判合之qi也,当于合chu1为牙,如今之合契。牙璋,牡契也,以起军旅,则其牝宜在军中,即虎符之法也。洛与落同义,谓水自上而下,有投liuchu1。今淝水、沱水,天下亦多,先儒皆自有解。

解州盐泽,方百二十里。久雨,四山之水悉注其中,未尝溢;大旱未尝涸。卤se正赤,在版泉之下,俚俗谓之“蚩尤血”唯中间有一泉,乃是甘泉,得此水然后可以聚人。其北有尧梢音消水,一谓之巫咸河。大卤之水,不得甘泉和之,不能成盐。唯巫咸水入,则盐不復结,故人谓之“无咸

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