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八经(5/5)

助长臣下行奸。懂得治国道理的君主在听取臣下的话时,会督察它的作用,考核它的功效。根据功效来确定赏罚,所以无用的辩说不会留于朝廷之内。担任公职办事的人,如果智慧不足以胜任,就罢官。对说话大而不当、浮夸不实的,要追根究底,这样就能察觉坏人并严加斥责。无故而言行不符,就是行骗;臣下行骗,就要治罪。对臣下的言论一定采取对应措施,对臣下的主张一定要求带来效用,所以朋党的观点就不敢对君主陈说。听言的方法,总是要让臣下老实地谈论,君主可以从中了解奸情;总是要让臣下广泛地议论,君主得以采纳一种意见。君主如果不明智,坏人就会钻空子。明君听言的原则是,对于使自己高兴的话,就要求兑现;对于自己恼怒的话,就追究根源;等到情况有了发展变化之后再下结论,以便获取臣下是诽谤还是赞扬、是为公还是为私的真凭实据。采用几种说法进说来玩弄智巧,诱使君主自己从中采取一种意见来逃避罪责;所以让臣子同时进献几种说法是不可行的。君主所取的,是不要让臣下在一种意见之外又附加另一种意见,企图摆出一种“可能”、“或许”的圈套;而应使谏言跟以后的事实相符合,据此准确判明谏言的诚实与欺诈。明君所要采用的方略是,绝对不容许臣下作模棱两可的进说,一定要他们挑出一种;绝不容许他们妄自行动,一定要就其言求其功,这样奸臣的进路就给堵死了。

(七)听法

官吏权势大,是由于没有法度;法度不起作用,是因为君主昏暗。君主昏暗没有章程,官吏就胡作非为;官吏胡作非为,结果俸禄就会无限地增加;俸禄无限地增加,征收的租税就多;租税征收多了,官吏就越发富裕。官吏富裕,权势又大,是由混乱的政事所造成的。明君治国总是挑用能办事情的人,赞扬忠于职守的人,奖赏有功劳的人。大臣推荐的人要是合乎标准,君主就喜欢,推荐者和被推荐者都一定得到赏赐;推荐的人不合乎标准,君主就恼怒,推荐者和被推荐者都一定受到处罚。这样,进言的人就不敢褊袒自己的父兄而愿意推荐有才能的仇人了。君主给臣下的权势足以执行法令,俸禄足以保证办好公事,而私利无从产生。所以民众虽然劳苦,但并不感到官府赋税重。不要让任事的人权势太重,而要使他们得到的宠赏只表现在爵位上;不要让当官的人谋取私利,而要使他们的利益只表现在俸禄上。所以臣民尊重爵位而看重俸禄。爵禄是君主用来奖赏臣民的,臣民重视君主用来奖赏的爵禄,国家就能治理好。刑罚烦乱,赐名有误,奖赏和赞扬不当,就会使臣民怀疑,因为臣民对赞扬和赏赐同样重视。对受赏的人有所非议,就不能鼓励立功;对受罚的人有所赞扬,就不能禁止奸邪。明君的做法总是。受奖赏一定因为他对国家有功,受赞扬一定是因为他为君主效劳。奖赏和赞扬一致,贬斥和处罚并行;既然如此,民众虽然受到赏赐也不感到荣耀。受到重罚的人必有恶名,所以民众害怕。刑罚是用来禁止奸邪的;臣民害怕刑罚,国家就治理好了。

(八)主威

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