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外储说右xia(7/7)

不会驾驭,即使全力帮忙推车,马还是不肯前行。现在他自身操作得很安逸,而且把农具寄放在车上,又有恩德施于人家,是因为有办法驾驭惊马啊。所以国家是君主的车,权势是君主的马。君主没有法术驾驭它,自己即使很劳苦,国家还是不免于乱;有法术来驾驭它,自己不但能处在安逸快乐的地位,还能取得帝王的功业。榔头、砧石等是用来整治不平的;附在弓弩上的榜檠是用来矫正不直的。圣人制定法令,就是用来整治不平、矫正不直的。淖齿在齐国掌权,抽了齐闵王的筋;李兑在赵国掌权,饿死了赵武灵王。这两个君主都不能运用如同榔头、砧石和榜檠一样的法令,终于自己被杀死,并为天下人所耻笑。

另一种说法:到了齐国,只会听说有淖齿,而不会听说有齐王;到了赵国,只会听说有李兑,而不会听说有赵王。所以说,君主不掌握法术,威势就会减弱而使大臣垄断名望。

另一种说法;赵武灵王让他儿子惠文王临政,李兑任国相,武灵王不自己亲手掌握生杀大权,所以被李兑劫杀。另一种说法:田婴担任齐相。有人对齐王说:“一年的财政结算,大王如果不用几天时间逐一亲自听取报告,就无法知道官吏的营私舞弊和政事得失。”齐王说:“讲得好。”田婴听到后,就立即向齐王要求去听自己的财政结算。齐王准备去听了,田婴让官吏准备好全年的财政大小收入的帐目和凭证。齐王亲自听取财政结算,但听不胜听,吃完饭,又坐下来,累得不再吃晚饭了。田婴又对齐王说;“群臣一年到头日日夜夜不敢马虎和懈怠的事情,大王用一个晚上听取报告,群臣就由此得到鼓励了。”齐王说:“好吧。”—会儿齐王已睡着了,官吏抽刀削掉凭证上的结算。君主亲自听取结算,就是国家混乱的开始。

说五

兹郑拉车过高桥而上不去。他坐在车辕上唱歌,前面行人止步,后面的行人赶上来,大家帮着推,车才上了桥。假如兹郑没有办法招人来,那么即使他用尽力气以至于累死,车子还是上不了桥。现在兹郑不受劳苦而车却上了桥,是因为他有办法招人来的缘故。

赵简子派出收税的官吏,官吏请示收税标准的高低。赵简子说:“要不轻不重。税收重了,利就归于国家;轻了,利就归于民众。官吏从中捞不到私利,轻重就适中了。”

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