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诠言训(4/10)

可以合众。大乐必易,大礼必简。易故能天,简故 能地。大乐无怨,大礼不责,四海之内,莫不系统,故能帝也。心有忧者,筐床 衽席,弗能安也;菰饭■解牛,弗能甘也;琴瑟鸣竽,弗能乐也。患解忧除,然 后食甘寝宁,居安游乐。由是观之,生有以乐也,死有以哀也。今务益性之所不 能乐,而以害性之所以乐,故虽富有天下,贵为天子,而不免为哀之人。凡人之 性,乐恬而憎悯,乐佚而憎劳。心常无欲,可谓恬矣;形常无事,可谓佚矣。游 心于恬,舍形于佚,以俟天命。自乐于内,无急于外,虽天下之大,不足以易其 一概。日月<广叟>而无溉于志,故虽贱如贵,虽贫如富。大道无形,大仁无亲, 大辩无声,大廉不嗛,大勇不矜。五者无弃,而几向方矣。军多令则乱,酒多 约则辩;乱则降北,辩则相贼。故始于都者,常大于鄙;始于乐者,常大于悲; 其作始简者,其终本必调。今有美酒嘉肴以相飨,卑体婉辞以接之,欲以合欢; 争盈爵之间反生斗,斗而相伤,三族结怨,反其所憎,此酒之败也。

《诗》之失僻,乐之失刺,礼之失责。徵音非无羽声也,羽音非无徵声也, 五音莫不有声,而以徵羽定名者,以胜者也。故仁义智勇,圣人之所备有也,然 而皆立一名者,言其大者也。阳气起于东北,尽于西南,;阴气起于西南,尽于 东北。阴阳之始,皆调适相似,日长其类,以侵相远,或热焦沙,或寒凝水,故 圣人谨慎其所积。水出于山,而入于海;稼生于野,而藏于廪。见所始则知终矣。 席之先雚蕈,樽之上玄酒,俎之先生鱼,豆之先泰羹,此皆不快于耳目,不适于 口腹,而先王贵之,先本而后末。圣人之接物,千变万轸,必有不化而应化者。 夫寒之与暖相反,大寒地坼水凝,火弗为衰其暑;大热烁石流金,火弗为益其烈。 寒暑之变,无损益于己,质有之也。圣人常后而不先,常应而不唱;不进而求, 不退而让;随时三年,时去我先;去时三年,时在我后;无去无就,中立其所。

天道无亲,唯德是与。有道者,不失时与人;无道者,失于时而取人。直己 而待命,时之至不可迎而反也;要遮而求合,时之去不可追而援也。故不曰我无 以为而天下远,不曰我不欲而天下不至。古之存己者,乐德而忘贱,故名不动志; 乐道而忘贫。故利不动心。名利充天下,不足以概志,故廉而能乐,静而能澹。 故其身治者,可与言道矣。自身以上,至于荒芒尔远矣,自死而天下无穷尔滔矣, 以数杂之寿,忧天下之乱,犹忧河水之少,泣而益之也。龟三千岁,浮游不过三 日,以浮游而为龟忧养生之具,人必笑之矣。故不忧天下之乱,而乐其身之治者, 可与言道矣。君子为善,不能使福必来;不为非,而不能使祸无至。福之至也, 非其所求,故不伐其功;祸之来也,非其所生,故不悔其行。内修极而横祸至者, 皆天也,非人也。故中心常恬漠,累积其德,狗吠而不惊,自信其情。故知道者 不惑,知命者不忧。万乘之主卒,葬其骸于广野之中,祀其鬼神于明堂之上,神 贵于形也。故神制则形从,形胜则神穷。聪明虽用,必反诸神,谓之太冲。

译文

天地浑然未分,整个地呈现出未分的混沌整体,当时还没有形成生出有形的万物,这种状态称之为“太一”万物都出自于这个“太一”状态,成形以后各不相同,有飞禽、走兽、游鱼,这就称之为“分物过程”以后又可根据不同的种类将它们区分开来,它们的物种、群体和生命形态也各不相同,但表现为有形这点上是一致的。各类物种因种类不同而互相阻隔不贯通,于是显示出它们的千差万别,并再也无法返回到它们原本那种混一的状态。所以万物均处于它们的生命运动状态,这也就有了“生”,而“死”便是万物生命运动的终结。这些物种无论处在何种生命状态下都属有形物体,而不是虚无的物质,创造物的东西,造物者似乎已消失在万物之中了。

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