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五金(1/7)

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五金

宋子曰:人有十等,自王公至于舆台,缺一焉而人纪不立矣。大地生五金以利用天下与后世,其义亦犹是也。贵者千里一生,促亦五六百里而生;贱者舟车稍艰之国,其土必广生焉。黄金mei者,其值去黑铁一万六千倍,然使釜、ň、斤、斧不呈效于日用之间,即得黄金,直高而无民耳。懋迁有无,货居《周官》泉府,万wu司命系焉。其分别mei恶而指点重轻,孰开其先而使相须于不朽焉?

○黄金

凡黄金为五金之长,熔化成形之后,住世永无变更。白银入洪炉虽无折耗,但火候足时,鼓鞲而金hua闪烁,一现即没,再鼓则沉而不现。惟黄金则竭力鼓鞲,一扇一hua,愈烈愈现,其质所以贵也。凡中国产金之区,大约百余chu1,难以枚举。山石中所chu,大者名ma蹄金,中者名橄榄金、带kua金,小者名瓜子金。水沙中所chu,大者名狗tou金,小者名<麦夫>麦金、糠金。平地掘井得者,名面沙金,大者名豆粒金。皆待先淘洗后冶炼而成颗块。

金多chu西南,取者xue山至十余丈见伴金石,即可见金。其石褐se,一tou如火烧黑状。水金多者chu云南金沙江,(古名丽水,)此水源chu吐蕃,绕liu丽江府,至于北胜州,回环五百余里,chu金者有数截。又川北潼川等州邑与湖广沅陵、溆浦等,皆于江沙水中淘沃取金。千百中间有获狗tou金一块者,名曰金母,其余皆<麦夫>麦形。入冶煎炼,初chuse浅黄,再炼而后转赤也。儋、崖有金田,金杂沙土之中,不必shen求而得,取太频则不复产,经年淘炼,若有则限。然岭南夷獠dongxue中金,初chu如黑铁落,shen挖数丈得之黑焦石下。初得时咬之柔ruan,夫匠有吞窃腹中者亦不伤人。河南蔡、矾等州邑,江西乐平、新建等邑,皆平地掘shen井取细沙淘炼成,但酬答人功所获亦无几耳。大抵赤县之内隔千里而一生。《岭南录》云居民有从鹅鸭屎中淘chu片屑者,或日得一两,或空无所获。此恐妄记也。

凡金质至重,每铜方寸重一两者,银照依其则,寸增重三钱。银方寸重一两者,金照依其则,寸增重二钱。凡金xing又柔,可屈折如枝柳。其高下se,分七青、八黄、九紫、十赤。登试金石上,(此石广信郡河中甚多,大者如斗,小者如拳,入鹅汤中一煮,光黑如漆。)立见分明。凡足se金参和伪售者,唯银可入,余wu无望焉。yu去银存金,则将其金打成薄片剪碎,每块以土泥裹涂,入坩锅中硼砂熔化,其银即xi入土内,让金liuchu以成足se。然后入铅少许,另入坩锅内,勾chu土内银,亦毫厘ju在也。

凡se至于金,为人间华mei贵重,故人工成箔而后施之。凡金箔每金七分造方寸金一千片,粘铺wu面,可盖纵横三尺。凡造金箔,既成薄片后,包入乌金纸内,竭力挥椎打成。(打金椎,短柄,约重八斤。)凡乌金纸由苏、杭造成,其纸用东海ju竹mo为质。用豆油点灯,闭sai周围,止留针孔通气,熏染烟光而成止纸。每纸一张打金箔五十度,然后弃去,为药铺包朱用,尚末破损,盖人巧造成异wu也。凡纸内打成箔后,先用硝熟猫pi绷急为小方板,又铺线香灰撒墁pi上,取chu乌金纸内箔覆于其上,钝刀界画成方寸。口中屏息,手执轻杖,唾shi而挑起,夹于小纸之中。以之华wu,先以熟漆布地,然后粘贴。(贴字者多用楮树浆。)秦中造pi金者,硝扩羊pi使最薄,贴金其上,以便剪裁服饰用,皆煌煌至se存焉。凡金箔粘wu,他日敝弃之时,刮削火化,其金仍藏灰内。滴清油数点,伴落聚底,淘洗入炉,毫厘无恙。

凡假借金se者,杭扇以银箔为质,红hua子油刷盖,向火熏成。广南货wu以蝉蜕壳调水描画,向火一微炙而就,非真金se也。其金成qiwu呈分浅淡者,以黄矾涂染,炭火炸炙,即成赤宝se。然风尘逐渐淡去,见火又即还原耳。(黄矾详《燔石》卷。)

○银

凡银中国所chu,浙江、福建旧有坑场,国初或采或闭。江西饶、信、瑞三郡有坑从末开。湖广则chu辰州,贵州则chu铜仁,河南则宜yang赵保山、永宁秋树坡、卢氏高嘴儿、嵩县ma槽山,与四川会川密勒山、甘肃大黄山等,皆称mei矿。其他难以枚举。然生气有限,每逢开采,数不足则括派以赔偿。法不严则窃争而酿luan,故禁戒不得不苛。燕、齐诸dao,则地气寒而石骨薄,不产金、银。然合八省所生,不敌云南之半,故开矿煎银,唯滇中可永行也。

凡云南银矿,楚雄、永昌、大理为最盛,曲靖、姚安次之,镇沅又次之。凡石山硐中有铆砂,其上现磊然小石,微带褐se者,分丫成径路。采者xue土十丈或二十丈,工程不可日月计。寻见土内银苗,然后得礁砂所在。凡樵砂藏shen土,如枝分派别,各人随苗分径横挖而寻之。上耆横板架ding,以防崩压。采工篝灯逐径施辏得矿方止。凡土内银苗,或有黄se碎石,或土隙石feng有luan丝形状,此即去矿不远矣。凡成银者曰礁,至碎者如砂,其面分丫若枝形者曰铆,其外包环石块曰矿。矿石大者如斗,小者如拳,为弃置无用wu。其礁砂形如煤炭,底衬石而不甚黑,其高下有数等。(商民凿xue得砂,先呈官府验辨,然后定税。)chu土以斗量,付与冶工,高者六七两一斗,中者三四两,最下一二两。(其礁砂放光甚者,jing1华xielou,得银偏少。)

凡礁砂入炉,先行拣净淘洗。其炉土筑ju墩,高五尺许,底铺瓷屑、炭灰,每炉受礁砂二石。用栗木炭二百斤,周遭丛架。靠炉砌砖墙一朵,高阔皆丈余。风箱安置墙背,合两三人力,带拽透guan通风。用墙以抵炎热,鼓鞲之人方克安shen。炭尽之时,以长铁叉添入。风火力到,礁砂溶化成团。此时银隐铅中,尚未chu脱,计礁砂二石溶

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