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陶埏(1/6)

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陶埏

宋子曰:水火既济而土合。万室之国,日勤千有而不足,民用亦繁矣哉。上栋下室以避风雨,而瓴建焉。王公设险以守其国,而城垣雉堞,寇来不可上矣。泥瓮jian而醴酒yu清,瓦登洁而醯醢以荐。商周之际俎豆以木为之,毋亦质重之思耶。后世方土效灵,人工表异,陶成雅qi,有素肌玉骨之象焉。掩映几筵,文明可掬,岂终固哉?

○瓦

凡埏泥造瓦,掘地二尺余,择取无沙粘土而为之。百里之内必产合用土se,供人居室之用。凡民居瓦形皆四合分片,先以圆桶为模骨,外画四条界。调践熟泥,叠成高长方条。然后用铁线弦弓,线上空三分,以尺限定,向泥{一个}平戛一片,似揭纸而起,周包圆桶之上。待其稍干,脱模而chu,自然裂为四片。凡瓦大小古无定式,大者纵横八九寸,小者缩十之三。室宇合沟中,则必需其最大者,名曰沟瓦,能承受yin雨不溢漏也。

凡坯既成,干燥之后,则堆积窑中燃薪举火,或一昼夜或二昼夜,视窑中多少为熄火久暂。浇水转氵幼(音右)与造砖同法。其垂于檐端者有滴水,不于脊沿者有云瓦,瓦掩覆脊者有抱同,镇脊两tou者有鸟兽诸形象,皆人工逐一zuo成,载于窑内受水火而成qi则一也。

若皇家gong殿所用,大异于是。其制为琉璃瓦者,或为板片,或为宛筒。以圆竹与斫木为模逐片成造,其土必取于太平府(舟运三千里方达京师,参沙之伪,雇役掳舡之扰,害不可极。即承天皇陵亦取于此,无人议正)造成。先装入琉璃窑内,每柴五千斤浇瓦百片。取chu,成se以无名异、棕榈mao等煎zhi涂染成绿,黛赭石、松香、蒲草等涂染成黄。再入别窑,减杀薪火,bi1成琉璃宝se。外省亲王殿与仙佛gong观间亦为之,但se料各有pei合,采取不必尽同,民居则有禁也。

○砖

凡埏泥造砖,亦掘地验辨土se,或蓝或白,或红或黄,(闽、广多红泥,蓝者名善泥,江、浙居多。)皆以粘而不散、粉而不沙者为上。汲水滋土,人逐数niu错趾,踏成稠泥,然后填满木匡之中,铁线弓戛平其面,而成坯形。

凡郡邑城雉民居垣墙所用者,有眠砖、侧砖两se。眠砖方长条,砌城郭与民人饶富家,不惜工费直垒而上。民居算计者则一眠之上施侧砖一路,填土砾其中以实之,盖省啬之义也。凡墙砖而外娴卣呙曰方墁砖。榱桷上用以承瓦者曰皇板砖。圆鞠小桥梁与圭门与窀穸墓xue者曰刀砖,又曰鞠砖。凡刀砖削狭一偏面,相靠挤jin,上砌成圆,车ma践压不能损陷。

造方墁砖,泥入方匡中,平板盖面,两人足立其上,研转而jian固之,浇成效用。石工磨斫四沿,然后娴亍5蹲┲直视墙砖稍溢一分,皇板砖则积十以当墙砖之一,方墁砖则一以敌墙砖之十也。

凡砖成坯之后,装入窑中,所装百钧则火力一昼夜,二百钧则倍时而足。凡烧砖有柴薪窑,有煤炭窑。用薪者chu火成青黑se,用煤者chu火成白se。凡柴薪窑巅上偏侧凿三孔以chu烟,火足止薪之候,泥固sai其孔,然后使水转氵幼。凡火候少一两则氵幼se不光,少三两则名nen火砖。本se杂现,他日经霜冒雪,则立成解散,仍还土质。火候多一两则砖面有裂纹,多三两则砖形缩小拆裂,屈曲不伸,击之如碎铁然,不适于用。巧用者以之埋藏土内为墙脚,则亦有砖之用也。凡观火候,从窑门透视内bi,土受火jing1,形神摇dang,若金银熔化之极然,陶长辨之。

凡转氵幼之法,窑巅作一平田样,四围稍弦起,guan水其上。砖瓦百钧用水四十石。水神透入土mo之下,与火意相gan而成。水火既济,其质千秋矣。若煤炭窑视柴窑shenyu倍之,其上圆鞠渐小,并不封ding。其内以煤造成尺五径阔饼,每煤一层隔砖一层,苇薪垫地发火。

若皇居所用砖,其大者厂在临清,工bu分司主之。初名se有副砖、券砖、平shen砖、望板砖、斧刃砖、方砖之类,后革去半。运至京师,每漕舫搭四十块,民舟半之。又细料方砖以嬲殿者,则由苏州造解。其琉璃砖se料已载《瓦》款。取薪台基厂,烧由黑窑云。

○罂瓮

凡陶家为缶属,其类百千。大者缸瓮,中者钵孟,小者瓶罐,款制各从方土,悉数之不能。造此者必为圆而不方之qi。试土寻泥之后,仍制陶车旋盘。工夫jing1熟者视qi大小掐泥,不甚增多少,两人扶泥旋转,一nie而就。其朝迁所用龙凤缸(窑在真定曲yang与扬州仪真)与南直hua缸,则厚积其泥,以俟雕镂,作法全不相同,故

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