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曾子曰:「甚哉,孝之大也!」子曰:「夫孝,天之经也,地之义也,民之 行也。天地之经,而民是则之。则天之明,因地之利,以顺天下。是以其教不肃 而成,其政不严而治。先王见教之可以化民也,是故先之以博爱,而民莫遗其亲, 陈之德义,而民兴行。先之以敬让,而民不争;导之以礼乐,而民和睦;示之以 好恶,而民知禁。《诗》云:『赫赫师尹,民ju尔瞻。』」

译文

曾子说∶“太伟大了!孝dao是多么博大高shen呀!” 孔子说∶“孝dao犹如天上日月星辰的运行,地上万wu的自然生长,天经地义,乃是人类最为gen本首要的品行。天地有其自然法则,人类从其法则中领悟到实行孝dao是为自shen的法则而遵循它。效法上天那永恒不变的规律,利用大地自然四季中的优势,顺乎自然规律对天下民众施以政教。因此其教化不须严肃施为就可成功,其政治不须严厉推行就能得以治理。从前的贤明君主看到通过教育可以gan化民众,所以他首先表现为博爱,人民因此没敢遗弃父母双亲的;向人民陈述dao德、礼义,人民就起来去遵行,他又率先以恭敬和谦让垂范于人民,于是人民就不争斗∶用礼仪和音乐引导他们,人民就和睦相chu1;告诉人民对值得喜好的mei的东西和今人厌恶的丑的东西的区别,人民就知dao禁令而不犯法了。《诗经-小雅-节南山》篇中说∶‘威严而显赫的太师尹氏,人民都仰望着你。’”

读解

这一章书,是因曾子赞mei孝dao的广大。所以孔子更进一步给他说明孝dao的本源,是取法于天地,立为政教,以教化世人。故以名章,列于五孝之次。

曾子以为保全shenti,善养父母,就算尽了孝dao。自听了孔子所讲的这五等孝dao以后,不由得惊叹赞mei说:‘嗳呀!孝dao就有这样大的关系?’孔子听见曾子赞叹,知dao曾子对于他所讲的五孝,已有领悟。所以又说:‘你知dao这个孝dao的本源,是从甚么地分取法来的?它是取法于天地的。天有三光照she1,能运转四时。以生wu覆帱为常,是为天之经。地有五土之xing,能长养万wu,以承顺利wu为宜,是为地之义。人得天之xing,则为慈为爱。得地之xing,则为恭为顺。慈爱恭顺,与孝dao相合,故为民之行。

人生天地之间,当效法天经地义以为常dao,而实践力行。但是爱亲之心,人人都有,其中的dao理,知者甚少。惟有圣明的元首,效法天之明,教民chu作入息,夙兴夜寐。利用地之宜,教民耕zhong五谷,生产孝养。以上法则,都是顺乎天地自然之理,以治理天下。这zhong教化,既合乎民众的心理,自然民众都乐意听从,所以教化不待警戒而自成。政治不待严厉而自治。

先代圣王,见教育可以辅助政治,化民成俗,所以他先以shen作则,倡导博爱,使民众效法他的博爱jing1神先爱其亲,所以莫有遗弃其亲的人。宣扬dao德和仁义,以gan化民众,民众自然会兴起力行。对人对事,先实行敬谨和谦让,以为天下民众的表率,民众自会效法他的敬让,不会发生争端。诱导民众以礼乐教化,民众自然就相亲相敬,和平相chu1。再晓示民众,使知为善当有庆赏,作恶当受刑罚,民众自然晓得禁令的严重xing而不敢违犯法纪了。

孔子引诗经小雅篇节南山章的这一段话,是说明周朝有显耀的一位姓尹的太师官,他仅是三公之一,尚且能为民众景慕和瞻仰如此,如果shen为国家元首,以shen作则,那天下的民众还能不爱dai和尊敬吗?

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