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卷八十五(7/7)

、 白附子。去北帆延七百里,东去劫国六百里,东北去瓜州六千六百里。

大业中,遣使贡方物。

论曰:自古开远夷,通绝域,必因宏放之主,皆起好事之臣。张骞凿空于前, 班超投笔于后,或结之以重宝,或慑之以利剑,投躯万死之地,必要一旦之功,皆 由主尚来远之名,臣徇轻生之节。是知上之所好,不必效焉。西域虽通于魏氏,于 时中原始平,天子方以混一为心,未遑及此。其信使往来,得羁縻勿绝之道。及隋 炀帝规摹宏侈,掩吞秦、汉,裴矩方进《西域图记》以荡其心,故万乘亲出玉门关, 置伊吾、且末镇,而关右暨于流沙,骚然无聊生矣。若使北狄无虞,东夷告捷,必 将修轮台之戍,筑乌垒之城,求大秦之明珠,致条支之鸟卵,往来转输,将何以堪 其弊哉!古者哲王之制也,方五千里,务安诸夏,不事要荒。岂威不能加,德不能 被?盖不以四夷劳中国,不以无用害有用也。是以秦戍五岭,汉事三边,或道殣相 望,或户口减半。隋室恃其强盛,亦狼狈于青海。此皆一人失其道,故亿兆罹其苦。 载思即叙之义,固辞都护之请,返其千里之马,不求白狼之贡,则七戎九夷,候风 重译,虽无辽东之捷,岂及江都之祸乎!案西域开于往汉,年世积久,虽离并多端, 见闻殊说,此所以前书后史,踳驳不同,岂其好异,地远故也。人之所知,未若其 所不知,信矣。但可取其梗概,夫何是非其间哉?

部分译文

《夏书》称:“西戎就是序。”班固说:“安置并依顺序排列,不是炫耀武功让他们进贡物品。”汉代最初开通西域,共有三十六个国家,之后,又分立五十五个王,设置校尉、都护来安抚他们。王莽篡位后,便与西域断绝往来。到了后汉,班超到达的有五十多个国家,西到西海,东西万里之遥,都来进贡,重新设置都护、校尉,以统领西域。之后或者断绝或者开通,汉朝认为消耗中原物力。官员有时设置有时废去。到魏、晋之后,国家互相吞并,不能详细记载。

魏道武帝初年,发展中原,没有机会顾及四方。一段时间西戎贡物不到。官吏奏请依照汉代事例,请求通使西域。可以使中原威望圣德震动边远地区,又可以招来珍奇货物到达京都。皇帝说:“汉代不守卫边境安宁百姓,而向远方开通西域,使国内财力浪费,有什么好处?现在如果通使西域,前代弊端又要堆在百姓身上了。”于是没有答应。经过明元一代,竟没有招服西域。

太延年间,魏朝圣德日益传至远方,西域龟兹、疏勒、乌孙、悦般、渴般、善阝善、焉耆、车师、粟特等国国王开始派遣使者来京都进贡。太武帝认为西域虽然已经在汉代通使,有所求时低声下气而来,无所想时就傲视怠慢皇命。这是他们自知地处偏远,王朝大军不能到达的缘故。如果允诺使节往来,最终不会有益处,不想派遣使节。有官吏上奏说“:九国不怕遥远艰险,自远方进贡地方特产,应当与他们互通,怎么能事先压制呢?”于是答应通使。便开始派使者王恩生、许纲等出使西域,恩生到流沙,被蠕蠕国俘获,竟未能到达。又派遣散骑侍郎董琬、高明等携带很多锦帛,到善阝善招纳抚慰九国,重重赏赐他们。当初,董琬等接到皇上诏令:道路方便的其他国家,可以前往。董琬经过九国,北行到乌孙国。国王得到魏朝赏赐,恭敬地接受,非常高兴。对董琬等人说:“传说破洛那、者舌国都记着魏朝恩德,想称臣纳贡,只是担心没有途径。现在您们既然已经来到这里,可以前去那两个国家,以成全他们仰慕中原的心志。”董琬于是自己去破洛那,派高明出使者舌。乌孙王替他们派向导翻译,到达两个国家,董琬等宣读诏书抚慰赏赐他们。后来董琬、高明东归,乌孙、破洛那等国派使节与董琬一块来中原进贡,共十六个国家。从此相继来到中原。每年不断,国内出往使节也有数十人了。

当初,太武帝每派遣使者出使西域,常常诏令河西王沮渠牧犍,让他护送。到姑臧,牧犍经常派向导领路,走出沙漠。后来使节从西城回到武威,牧犍身边的人对使者说“:我们主人听信蠕蠕国吴提的荒谬说法,称:‘去年魏朝皇帝亲自带兵攻打我们,士卒战马得瘟疫而死,大败而归。我擒获他的长弟乐平王丕。’我主人非常高兴。在国内宣扬。又听说吴提派使者通告西域各国:魏朝已经削弱,现在天下只有我们国家强大。如果再有魏朝使节,不要再恭敬迎送。西域一些国家,也有贰心。”加上牧犍奉事君主,逐渐地怠慢。使节回京后,将全部情况奏呈皇上。太武帝便商议攻打牧犍。凉州平定后,善阝善国认为唇亡齿寒,很自然的道理。现在武威被魏朝灭掉,接下来便轮到我了。如果使者来往,让他们了解到我们国内一些事情,自取灭亡一定很近;不如断绝可以支撑很久。于是阻断塞下来往道路,西域进贡物品,多年不能进入中原,后来平定善阝善,使节又通往起来。

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