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章二百二十(4/7)

,犹不报命。永乐五年,安等还。德文遍历诸国,说其酋长入贡,皆以道远无至者,亦于是年始还。德文,保昌人,采诸方风俗作为歌诗以献。帝嘉之,擢佥都御史。明年复遣安赍书币往哈烈,其酋沙哈鲁把都儿遣使随安朝贡。七年达京师,复命赍赐物偕其使往报。明年,其酋遣使朝贡。

撒马儿罕酋哈里者,哈烈酋兄子也,二人不相能,数构兵。帝因其使臣还,命都指挥白阿儿忻台赍敕谕之曰:“天生民而立之君,俾各遂其生。朕统御天下,一视同仁,无间遐迩,屡尝遣使谕尔。尔能虔修职贡,抚辑人民,安于西徼,朕甚嘉之。比闻尔与从子哈里构兵相仇,朕为恻然。一家之亲,恩爱相厚,足制外侮。亲者尚尔乖戾,疏者安得协和。自今宜休兵息民,保全骨肉,共享太平之福。”因赐彩币表里,并敕谕哈里罢兵,亦赐彩币。

白阿儿忻台既奉使,遍诣撒马儿罕、失剌思、俺的干、俺都淮、土鲁番、火州、柳城、哈实哈儿诸国,赐之币帛,谕令入朝。诸酋长咸喜,各遣使偕哈烈使臣贡狮子、西马、文豹诸物。十一年达京师。帝喜,御殿受之,犒赐有加。自是诸国使并至,皆序哈烈于首。及归,命中官李达、吏部员外郎陈诚、户部主事李暹、指挥金哈蓝伯等送之,就赍玺书、文绮、纱罗、布帛诸物分赐其酋。十三年,达等还,哈烈诸国复遣使偕来,贡文豹、西马及他方物。明年再贡,及还,命陈诚赍书币报之,所过州县皆宴饯。十五年遣使随诚等来贡。明年复贡,命李达等报如初。十八年偕于阗、八答黑商来贡。二十年复偕于阗来贡。

宣德二年,其头目打剌罕亦不剌来朝,贡马。自仁宗不勤远略,宣宗承之,久不遣使绝域,故其贡使亦稀至。七年复命中官李贵通西域,敕谕哈烈酋沙哈鲁曰:“昔朕皇祖太宗文皇帝临御之日,尔等尊事朝廷,遣使贡献,始终如一。今朕恭膺天命,即皇帝位,主宰万方,纪元宣德。小大政务,悉体皇祖奉天恤民,一视同仁之心。前遣使臣赍书币往赐,道阻而回。今已开通,特命内臣往谕朕意。其益顺天心,永笃诚好,相与还往,同为一家,俾商旅通行,各遂所愿,不亦美乎?”因赐以文绮、罗锦。贵等未至,其贡使法虎儿丁已抵京师,卒于馆。命官致祭,有司营葬。寻复遣使随贵贡驼马、玉石。明年春,使者归。复命贵护送,赐其王及头目彩币。是年秋及正统三年并来贡。

英宗幼冲,大臣务休息,不欲疲中国以事外蕃,故远方通贡者甚少。至天顺元年,复议通西域。大臣莫敢言,独忠义卫吏张昭抗疏切谏,事乃止。七年,帝以中夏乂安,而远蕃朝贡不至,分遣武臣赍玺书、彩币往谕。于是都指挥海荣、指挥马全往哈烈。然自是来者颇稀,即哈烈亦不以时贡。

嘉靖二十六年,甘肃巡抚杨博言:“西域入贡人多,宜为限制。”礼官言:“祖宗故事,惟哈密每年一贡,贡三百人,送十一赴京,余留关内,有司供给。他若哈烈、哈三、土鲁番、天方、撒马儿罕诸国,道经哈密者,或三年、五年一贡,止送三五十人,其存留赏赉如哈密例。顷来滥放入京,宜敕边臣恪遵此例,滥放者罪之。”制可。然是时哈烈已久不至,嗣后朝贡遂绝。

其国在西域最强大。王所居城,方十余里。垒石为屋,平方若高台,不用梁柱瓦甓,中敞,虚空数十间。囱牖门扉,悉雕刻花文,绘以金碧。地铺毡罽,无君臣、上下、男女,相聚皆席地趺坐。国人称其王曰锁鲁檀,犹言君长也。男髡首缠以白布,妇女亦白布蒙首,仅露双目。上下相呼皆以名。相见止稍屈身,初见则屈一足三跪,男女皆然。食无匕箸,有瓷器。以葡萄酿酒。交易用钱,大小三等,不禁私铸。惟输税于酋长,用印记,无印者禁不用。市易皆征税十二。不知斗斛,止设权衡。无官府,但有管事者,名曰刀完。亦无刑法,即杀人亦止罚钱。以姊妹为妻妾。居丧止百日,不用棺,以布裹尸而葬。常于墓间设祭,不祭祖宗,亦不祭鬼神,惟重拜天之礼。无干支朔望,每七日为一转,周而复始。岁以二月、十月为把斋月,昼不饮食,至夜乃食,周月始茹荤。城中筑大土室,中置一铜器,周围数丈,上刻文字如古鼎状。游学者皆聚此,若中国太学然。有善走者,日可三百里,有急使,传箭走报。俗尚侈靡,用度无节。

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